Postmodernism

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modernist critics to accept the situation of post-war society: the human spirit to work hard to rebuild civilization, self-reliance, the establishment of the largest since the industrial revolution and social development campaign, which also incorporates the spirit of American Puritanism, and US-Soviet Cold War era binary opposition political means, then we can understand why postmodernism is derived from cultural beliefs against the mainstream, rational as opposed to a single center, against the binary opposition, but also against functionalism and pragmatism based American cultural life. On the contrary, for the old modernist social life before, it was full of nostalgia. architect of urban civilization and reflect on living in the country led to our modern industrial society and capitalism positive and negative effects of human thinking. of course, because we have no way out of the constraints of modern life, and a variety of adverse effects caused by modernism, and not sufficient to completely negate the modern civilized life. thinker and a variety of artists on their respective the way we solve the myth of modern civilized life. To present this complex with the most profound of human interpretation, and to unlock the myths actually provides the basis and methodology of the exercise, a French deconstruction. must be noted that Deconstruction is not destruction of Marxism. because any form of deconstruction of the ideas are communicated through the language of deconstruction, so we know that the instability of thought, knowledge of the impermanence of any systematic thinking, collective unity of interpretation are wrong. However, this argument is not a radical anti-intellectualism, or nihilism, as Derrida is not against the ideas or knowledge itself, but rather a system of thought, or build a political force (such as the various ideological Postmodernism

) reactionary, Derrida is a classic for all we believe that the core idea of the fundamentalist-style debate style, similar to the Chinese people with the method, so that it spreads out meaning. commentators have suggested that deconstruction is the hermeneutics (Hermeneutics) a realization, but also an operation of extreme fundamentalism. As a natural language approach of philosophy discourse, deconstruction languages (including content and the form of cross referential) for extreme fine closereading, will be able to interpret the text of the policy ideas wrapped. In fact, postmodern interpretation of the text used in ways the original is not Derrida. in the seventies when the deconstruction doctrine reached after the United States, several scholars at Yale University, among, there HaroldBloom on Jewish mystical Kabala of Bible study, interpretation of the language as a unique way. These are also the most post-modern theory of the mysterious part. < br> deconstruction of the ideological roots of a phenomenology, Heidegger and Eastern philosophy. which later philosophy of Heidegger also Shenju East (Zhuangzi) color. understanding of Eastern philosophy, should not be difficult to find in the deconstruction the context of Eastern philosophy.
Edit this paragraph is philosophical discourse philosophy
lively field of postmodernism environment, the participants discussed were: Jacques.
Lyotard Derrida's deconstruction and post-modern situation End of metadiscourse
to.
Baudrillard Jameson super simulation Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism
Jurgen. Habermas's theory of modernism never completed
Deleuze / Jia Tali Oedipus
Richard Post. Rorty enlightenment / enlightenment philosophy
Terry. Eagleton's Literary Theory
Anthony. Giddens (AnthonyGiddens) on globalization and discussion of post-modern society
1. philosophy of non-directional expectations
Overall, the post-modern thinking in the philosophy of logic hold one kind of concepts and
for Jacques. Derrida
structural interpretation of the certain historical experience, do not believe that the origin of meaning and authenticity, nothing is more hope for the future. In addition to suspect things, they were thinking in rational thinking seems almost stagnant, and they can only parasitic in the modern Enlightenment rationality on forever as a troublemaker. so most of the scholars (in their minds an absolute proportion of modern rationality) are accustomed to the Enlightenment vision and rational use of words, the antithesis to as a post-modern interpretation, so a with a clear point of a large number of (resistance of) the words (such as: subversion, rebellion, denial, denial, resistance, anti **, ** non ** or no, etc.) in the definition of postmodern popular for a time, post-modern the destruction of the philosophical / traitor as popular. In fact, as Derrida (1967, OfGrammatology) are reminded of the way, we the middle of the trap of language, ignoring the (logos) and the binary opposition system centered constituted under the guidance of the power of language, assumed innocent into a post-modern imagination with a clear purpose of the antibodies. When we post-modern fragmentation and rebellious as representatives, we have lost themselves thinking balance, standing on the side of reason, a holistic dualism (the view) to treat post-modern phenomenon. This in itself created a post-modern understanding of extreme and misplaced. Sadly, even if we deeply aware of her own injustice, but unable to change this reality, because our language in terms of duration or in the tradition of the plane when both were with the insurmountable limitations. we can do, just as much as possible to individual freedom and non-presence of the mood of skepticism to peacefully participate in all post-modern, so-called non-directional attitude.
2. on the road to enlightenment reason
suspected since the beginning of Enlightenment, reason was modern philosophy as the supreme authority of the statue. (then the modern rational skepticism to its most important identity). But the accusations of contemporary philosophy of reason is not the originator of the modern post-began. born in the initiation stage, the empiricist to and reason critics had a heated debate; later Kant (Kant) although the structure of a complete system of rational knowledge, but he knows the first line of the Enlightenment concept (ie, cognitive experience led all rational argument) for critical , referring to people's inherent cognitive limitations (Habermas, 1971, Knowledge & HumanInterests, p4-14); then, Hegel's historical limitations of cognitive thinking and alienation of knowledge (knowledge of human control and slavery) the preliminary exploration have become the traditional, anti-rational, anti-holistic marked postmodernism (Yue-Chuan Wang, 1992, Hegel's successor, the prior knowledge of the Frankfurt School of alienation
further explanation, and then lead to Marcuse (Marcuse) will be directed directly to industrial society and the scientific and technological progress of the leftist radical revolutionary discourse and Foucault point the finger part of the rights of neo-conservative (right);
Marcuse
Hermeneutics after Gadamer in the new language of the truth of history and experience of the re-interpretation; Habermas go again The new line of rational compromise Lyotard's total return and fight back. from irrationalism of Nietzsche's successor, the one hand, Deleuze, Nietzsche, Foucault's new doctrine, the other side is the deconstruction of Derrida. ( disease in limiting, right into the road, in addition to Habermas, there is Eagleton New Historicism and criticism, and many other theories).
3. the face of alienation in the twentieth century forties
, Frankfort School of Horkheimer and Adorno the first to point out that early in the Age of Enlightenment, reason to be divided into two categories, one is to help people out of ignorance and fear of human reason; the other is to help people understand the nature of standardized production instrumental rationality. both in the early development of capitalism is the harmony and unity. However, with the 19th century, the rapid development of the industrial revolution, technological rationality gradually replaced the role of instrumental rationality and human reason in the coexistence of the upper hand, humanistic ideals freedom and human rights in a rational gradually dominated by technology standardization, consistency, integrity of the erosion, so that people of science and technology to create the human mind in turn controls the behavior and cultural life, people have less in the spirit of the sink external material benefits in exchange for the rich, who alienated. face this problem of the twentieth century derived from the sixties, two thoughts, one is promoted by Herbert Marcuse, points to the industrial culture and left-wing radical scientific and technological progress Revolution (including even the Cultural Revolution), it completely destroyed the industrial production and technological progress as the subject and then forced to reveal the brutal face of capitalism; the other is Foucault and other poststructuralist thought, this is actually the right-wing neo-conservatism the beginning, which advocates a moderate paradigm shift and change in the structure of language and cultural hegemony and monopoly to offset. It shares the right-wing thought is widely recognized as the source of post-modern philosophy in early vision anticipated. In the movie, it is given at least three missions: First, reflecting the alienation of people, that industrial civilization to erode the spirit of human freedom; the second is the radical left-wing acts of satire and romance, and the viewer does not reflect the actual (as reflected in the Cultural Revolution of the film); three are rejected integrity, identity, premised on the traditional model of the film, norms, language and structure transformation of the center of the film trying to Discourse in discrete, so that the audience's subjective spirit set free.
4. the truth of the new hermeneutics View
in the new hermeneutics, Gadamer seeks technological rationality and the scientific method beyond the control of the truth of experience. his knowledge of the truth into the aesthetics, history and language in three areas to expand (Gadamer , 1975, TruthandMethod), here (within the context of philosophy) we have only the latter two for their comments, and beauty is truth, put the Part 3 (aesthetic categories) to explore. in the history of the area, Gadamer highlighted two key concepts to understand the truth: one is the part, due to the interaction between time and space and memory, we always on the existing traditional (historical) produces a bias, prejudice constitute all of our experience. The event is to understand the process of their own tradition and to put the past and continued integration now, so to understand not only the basis of prejudice, it also produced a constant bias, so not only determine our history, we (understand) also decided to history. Another key concept is the Merle pointed out that the implication in this article, the author of the The difference is not eliminated, so the process of understanding must blend the two kinds of vision, to achieve Gadamer thus that history is not absolutely subjective and objective is not absolute, but rather its own and it's uniform, is a relationship that includes the history of the real and the real historical understanding. This is historical authenticity in the post-modern movie audience should first focus on the emotional and objective history of the exchanges, specifically, on the one hand by little and narrow the gap between micro-narrative to the general audience and the distance between historical events and historical experience to guide the audience multidimensional, and open the history of thinking, rather than the final nail on the results of the narrative style; on the other hand is the use of nostalgic elements to evoke the audience's subjective memory of the past in order to promote a view of history (and truth) the subjective with the objective of the and objectivity of the suspect is part of post-modern film (like movie Zelig or doubt the authenticity of its source, and then question the objective existence of the absolute historical truth, making sense of distance and historical meaning of a single stick to non-existent.) deeper in the field of language called the new hermeneutics of Heidegger: We interpretation of the language of all the structural factors, so we know the world is the language of the world, the world present their own language, so we master the language but also for the language to master, the master is to understand the dimensions of the boundaries, but also language boundaries. (Gadamer, 1975, TruthandMethod) To go beyond this by the postmodern rationality, integrity, central duality, structural and other components of the framework to understand the cure, we must seek a breakthrough in language and innovation. The film as a synthesis of various types of language (including: visual language, auditory language, narrative language, the film body language, audio language, etc.) is clearly in the post-modern context tend to have complex language breakthrough. One of the most important of these tendencies point is the interpretation of Wittgenstein and Gadamer has referred to the They pointed out that the language --- whether it is dialogue, this is narrative, as the games are the same: no subject, no ultimate purpose of speech is merely immersed in the language of the communication process, including entertainment. This is actually required in the narrative language of post-modern films focus on the weak center and the outer open end of the narrative techniques; in the course of the narrative reflect a cliche over and logical to the weak contrast of rational discourse to the audience from the absolute truth of reason to get out of bondage, to restore language ontological status.
new hermeneutics of the part of it. It does not require the (demanding) the original intent and aesthetic expression of the work get in the audience, the absolute recovery, because the existence of the work should go beyond the limitations of any historical, aesthetic significance of their distribution should fall out of the eternal present. Thus, after modern film tends to encourage and inspire the recipient in understanding the activities to generate new, personalized, real aesthetic awareness, attention to audience participation, emphasizing the reality of their attitude and work of the to break the closed narrative system for multiple digestion, collage, parody provide the feasibility of ultimately creating a more extensive audience participation in the aesthetic space.
5. Derrida's deconstruction
However, the French philosopher of Delhi deconstruction of the discourse, often on
Frank. Gerry
consider that the problem of modernity, provide the most radical reactionary most effective, comprehensive deconstruction (not negative) from the West Plato philosophy, which start from the linguistic, criticized the binary black and white argument based on logocentric, modernist discourse that is the case when you become one of deconstruction. Derrida's deconstruction not only of criticism The so-called methodology of modernism (which expression is to use Derrida's unique, that between the both to use in the language of this concept, but at the same time deconstructing the meaning of the original expression, should be cross number, but as a substitute for punctuation) basis, more to deconstruction of radioactive reading, re-interpretation of many of the major Western philosophical treatise. to find out which self-deconstruction of the gene. Another major is the most famous German philosopher Habermas put forward - never completed on Modernism based, that provide the impetus for human modernism, the eternal effort to improve their way of thinking the situation, therefore, Habermas stressed that post-modernism inherent awareness for the reference reaction, there is the core spirit of modernism, Innovation is the driving force of human can. Postmodernism is a kind of inherited the program performance of modernism.
present, there are many commentators agree that postmodern logic of late modernism is equivalent to saying, inter alia, the new Marxist If FredericJameson, TerryEagleton and other support this statement, which also combines Marxist criticism for advanced industrial society, to form one.
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literary criticism on the literary criticism, postmodernism, the text discusses the overall structure of the West , the overwhelming interpretation, in fact, popular post-modernism in the United States, mainly in the famous university foreign language departments (especially French literature or in comparative literature), during which the Department of Foreign Languages talented people, the most famous Yale University, the United States Yale Gang of Four, to Derrida's deconstruction corresponds to European and American literature, to interpret:
PaulDeMan
J. HillisMiller
GeoffreyH.Hartmann
HaroldBloom
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kinds of intellectual movement, reject the traditional so-called
postmodern film
.
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trend, the critics pointed out that the late modern, is an expression of modern values and even ways of thinking and subversion and rebellion. Even so-called modern expression of thinking, refers to a core thoughts, or have an established paper specifications, expressed the truth of things, but, as Einstein's theory of relativity, uncertainty theorem and the Big Bang theory, humans slowly come to understand that science also has its uncertainties, and that science can not be used to solve any problem. modernism shaken, will gradually lead to the rise of postmodernism.
style in art and literature, postmodernism is not a specific, single style, nor the times because the work is defined as Postmodern art has also not conclusive.
Another feature is the creation of interdisciplinary and cross-media, architecture, literature, painting, design, furniture are designer, the art market in the territory of their own post-modern style of presentation . However, post-modernism is to have a creative theme and creative forms of disruptive new thinking, so that consistent style is difficult to express the creative field of post-modern situation is not easy.
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architecture embodied in the so-called modernist design style internationalism, the United States in the forty to sixty years as the representative of the building, which is characterized by functionality and available space to expand the primary building ideal for the environment, human environment view, is just a minor aesthetic considerations. to the prevalence of the sixties a group of young architects in Europe and America, began with a number of human thinking, a strong decorative (or even can be called Houbaluoke type) and in-depth view of spatial thinking throughout the building appears. architects particularly fond of view through the building environment, expression of the old civilization, nature, resulting in the recollected dream. but there are another group of young architects, such as NormanFoster, Frank. Gerry (FrankGehry), love the use of science and technology construction techniques, to highlight the architectural metaphor of urban space, chat metaphoricdialogue.NormanFoster tests on high-tech skyscrapers on Hong Kong Bank of metaphor, as well as the City of London in 30StMaryAxe, are caused by subversive view of urban environmental impact. The FrankGehry for the application and non-linear design combined with high-end computer technology, practices, all affect the current design. (Note:: FrankGehry was in 2004, Swire Group, Hong Kong West Kowloon propose an alternative solution.)
Edit this paragraph modernist design
to challenge the limits of art and design at home since then to collectively contemporary modernist doctrine, such as: feminism, multiculturalism, deconstruction, the time element, media applications, materialism and so on. These views emphasize the creation and appreciation of works of art there is no single, absolute answer or standard, and the finished product of emotional detachment, and the author, the audience, curators (or exhibition) and the environment (or phenomena) are works of art participants, this way, artistic creation and appreciation have become very diverse.
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literature writers in this list the names of some representatives, the United States Donald. Barthelme represented as a novel Snow White two unequal relationship between the scientific system of gradually widening, showing tolerance concessions humanities, natural science step by step expansion of the situation. This is where they are seen as Lyotard, , ThePostmodernCondition: AReportonKnowledge) He pointed out that the natural sciences, after the exclusion of human narrative, which only has a single logical discourse referentiality and empirical, it is hard to complete the cultural awareness of alternative, more variety of Human Sciences do not have the value of care. So the kind of rational science and technology based, to a single standard to determine why differences in discourse and thus unify all a tendency. One is the narrative element based on the legitimacy of its discourse environment --- --- End of stately who were questioned. meta-narrative film tradition is followed in the center of the glamorous hero narrative mode, then the modern movies tend to grand narrative in the context of a society (such as sage heroes, the liberation of salvation, the glorious victory, a glorious vision, etc.) scattered narrative language, such as fog, making the audience the history of stately speeches, or the history of the great extreme mockery of the rational narrative element. the other is post-modern narrative film is not to pursue the common element (ie, by maintaining the central role of identity to achieve the overall thinking of the same, such as the movie model, and emphasized the instability of different models, or to promote multi-language heterogeneous nature of the game, that is the Word of multi-type heterogeneous. Specifically, from the film's to the conflicts and instability.
Edit this paragraph deconstruction deconstruction
constant sense of the term refers to the separation, as a post-modern on the part of the specific strategies of some of its post-modern studies of Western films with important guidance. This section of Derrida's deconstruction strategy to combine with the proposed post-modern idea of the film to sort out. Derrida first advocated in the text to refer to and referred to non-necessary link between, with the aim of highlighting and signified with the arbitrariness and the differences between them, will be able to make meaning out of the attachment means to disrupt the structure of thinking of curing. reflects in the movie, this strategy is conducive to breaking the modern movie of the two semiotic referential depth of meaning. Like Lacan called can refer to symbols above the intrinsic heart can disrupt the audience br> Second, the structure of Derrida's texts encourage the instigation of the individual, dismantle their absolute obedience to the structure of the center, mainly for the modern philosophy of identity, centrality and integrity purposes. specific to the movie, nonlinear narrative to be widely used, meaning that the film received scattered attention of local, open architecture also used to break through the film center of the structure of self-enclosed, and then contributed to the difference of the structure of the paper exchanges and reference, that is, the difference between the exchange of different texts, such as juxtaposition, collage, hybridity, intertextuality, etc., and with the introduction of external differences with reference to the structure of the original center of the formation of dismantling this situation.
deconstruction of philosophy are opposed to this structure and a priori significance of overdrafts. fixity and certainty with the structure, on the contrary tend to have a similar structure of the meaning of the passage of time, the human mind due to the stimulus of the local structure of mapping out the general meaning of all. For the experienced viewers, the traditional film often show only half the meaning of the entire film had gains a fate. these are shrouded in advance of the metaphysical significance of the transcendental structure of being dismissed as lackluster deconstruction conservative roots. So often in the post-modern film can capture to a seemingly familiar structure, but soon this feeling will be against the expected and the line outside or independent of the significance of the disruption of the structure, the elements of such an unexpected or surprise the audience will help digestion and the structure of expectations, The overall identity to break the structuralism, but also helps develop the audience's doubt (uncertain) state of mind the spirit and diversity.
another audience to break the of view, the structure and integrity of the centrality of doctrine is based on the that does not require the media to participate in the can see and access to the outside world there is a whole real world. So we will mainstream film classic tale of fantasy and passionate. But as the antithesis towards deconstruction is not idealism, it is only the medium of film disguise the truth of the world (present) very critical approach to the media and restore the real possibility of the presence of doubt. For this reason, post-modern movie audiences tend to be pulled from the fantasy of the story out or prevent them from entering the story of a dream to make them aware of their own time (in the movie) a third party rather than the hero, and make their The suspect also restore the post-modern cultural perspective Baudrillard called Transformation of the problems brought to the film and the inspiration. post-modern is not just a doctrine, it is more a state of social life. Hill (1998, P98) also emphasized the term post-modernism can be used to describe a social and economic fields new order. For the movie, with this new order based on post-modern society can be broadly analyzed from two aspects. One is the order of the traditional industrial transformation of post-industrial society; the other is to discuss the technological innovations of the post- cultural influences of modern society.
Edit this paragraph in the post-industrial society
Hill, manufacturing to service industries, the source of surplus value from the primary and secondary industries turn to the economic services, such as business, banking, information industry, etc.; Second, the traditional mass production model is (post-fordist) replaced by flexible and personalized consumer demand into the production of wind vane, the consumer-led production, the initiative in a buyer's market, the seller is no longer simply the pursuit of yield but rather effort to build brand and increase product quality (which led to Advertising and public prosperity lifestyle for himself. post-industrial era not only produce products, but also the production of become the leading white-collar class, they will replace the small number of elite high-end fantasy and become the leading form of social and cultural life --- both mainstream popular culture; Finally, the (impact of consumer attitudes by fashion) in the post-modern society individuals tend to have the flexibility of the (uncertain) characteristics of identity, people in the flashy society more inclined surface such as gender, religion and sexual orientation, rational decisions on issues such as the performance of the heterogeneous, unstable identity and character. Then, as an important post-modern art form, the film consciously one hand, no escape to reflect the reality of post-industrial society, on the other hand tend to exhibit post-modern social life, or anxiety or irony, and whether it is the object of anxiety or satire are directly or indirectly, all point to increasingly dominate the consumer society, to reflect the substance of human alienation.
Edit this paragraph Loves of
Kos base [Germany] in the --- This fully shows that in fact post-modern society and humanity's position in science and technology has taken a compromise approach and seeks to find in the culture of balance between the two, focusing on technology and spiritual content. Therefore, on the statement by Koslowski (P142), the modern functionalist architecture leads to two issues, on the one hand, shackles, is a historical thing (building historical context) is a dangerous loss of not only a mediocre today, but increasingly error from the nature of urbanization in the world ...