Existentialism (Existentialism), also known as survivalist, one of the major schools of contemporary Western philosophy. The fundamental feature is the isolated individual activities as the most irrational sense of real existence, and as all of its philosophical starting point. It claims to be a human-centered, respect for human individuality and freedom of philosophy. Is a non-rationalism in philosophy, to emphasize the individual, independence and subjective experience. Obey the first to propose that Soren Kierkegaard. Karl Jaspers and Martin Heidegger, can be regarded as the pioneer. In the 20th century it spread very widely. French philosopher Jean - Paul Sartre and Albert Camus is the author of its representatives.
existential background
generation and social background of its time are inextricably linked: the First World War was the beginning of the end of the European bourgeois civilization. Modern times the arrival of people into the history of its non-religious stage. At this point, although he has the right to unprecedented, technology, civilization, he also found himself homeless. With all the religious framework of this loss of tolerance, people not only lost everything, and become a fragmented existence. He is no feeling of belonging, that they are the human society In his urgent need for a theory to resolve their feelings of alienation, the existential came into being.
Ideological Origins
back in ancient Greece, his famous tragedy is accompanied by the increasing development of civilization.
existential theory of the main sources of voluntarism, individualism,
existential phenomenology is not a unified system of philosophy, but rather a philosophical thought, the following highlights some of Existentialism genre.
Kierkegaard's existential
Suolun Ao Guo Kai Becker Seoul existentialism, is advocated by Kierkegaard's theology,bailey UGG boots, the most important and most important part. School of existentialism is humanism, emphasizing humanism, the so-called real All things are for people to exist, are set up for me, and there are all the others, is attributed to people. Kierkegaard's melancholy personality and personal experience alone, he developed one of the reasons there is ideology.
existential
he first proposed that the environment in which everyone has a great responsibility, although the constantly evolving world, people still can not be freed. The so-called In the decision, because people are limited, so is the production of anxiety and disappointment can be expected. However, we must clearly distinguish between fear and anxiety are two different states, there is fear of a sudden the word means something, but Kierkegaard is the word used to describe the ontological status of man, his two books
Kierkegaard divided into two groups to talk about anxiety. The first fall with his theory (theoryofthefall) are linked. He used about Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit of the event as the symbol of that fall, and in this case found that profound psychological perspective.
this type of anxiety has two aspects: one is the On the other hand, is the want to achieve their dual and fear to achieve their anxiety. And Adam was not talking about here refers to the original in the history of Adam, but to the existence of Adam, each of our people.
in the He believes that the orthodox faith alone is not enough to talk about, there must be a personal decision for. The decision is to achieve one's own, which is simultaneous with the fall issue. After the Fall have another anxiety will produce guilt, guilt brings anxiety, extreme anxiety is disappointing. The disappointment in the imperative g fruit When people in conflict with the spirit and substance, due to limited human spirit, people experience conflict among his own, so there is kind of want to get rid of their own ideas,UGG bailey button, but yet there can not borrow to get rid of his own by suicide ideas.
theistic existentialist Kierkegaard self-professed prophet of anti-Christian culture, he loathe the idea of Hegel that Hegel authentic Christian Bible and the prophets , distorting the culture of Christianity. He came to see Christianity in this culture is not authentic Christianity. In his later book
confidence jumps - a jumping movement, it can not deduce a logical way. Pray for fruit that's fallen grams is an irrational leap. Yet another kind of jump is the jump of faith, the same can not be deduced from the position of. When people face illness or death can not overcome the anxiety, beliefs, was able to help people overcome.
in Kierkegaard's theory, there are three stages of Leap of Faith, but these stages are not the kind of stage time, but includes aesthetic, ethical and religious, between the three stages interrelated and can not be clearly separated, for example, in the final stages of religion, there are still inevitably Ethics and beauty. In particular, he thinks religion is a subjective ethics is derived from his unique aesthetic, and beauty can not use logic to reasoning. And God is the ultimate of all behavior and thought the premise, it is more reasoning and logic can not prove the existence of God.
on aesthetic stage is his thing worth mentioning. Aesthetic stage is characterized by twisting together with the human existence, he was talking about aesthetics here does not mean the course itself aesthetic or artistic, but a measure of the standard. Standard is based on everyone and everything is able to meet their own aesthetic, which is described in the Bible, the Jews for the good things or the right thing to say this is good for the United States stage. Therefore, he has criticized the Pope was fascinated by the pagan Roman customs and moral decay of the Greek and Roman art.
the ethical stage, Kerr Loyalty Kai Guo a With this self-segregation is contrary to love, love can guide people out of the situation of self-isolation, it overcome the The characteristics of this love can lead to a love relationship. That is the ethical stage, love to overcome the isolation and then have responsibility, and ethics can be achieved through a sense of responsibility to the stage.
stage beyond the aesthetics of religion and ethics of the stage, can be divided into two types of a person have in common is the view of God is an existentialist on.
religion A religion that the truth or Socrates can be found in the human existence, that is the fundamental truth that exists among the people themselves. Socratic dialectics and existential want to use to call out the truth from the people, he used two ways, one is irony, which means that through thorough questioning to explore the truth. Another way is to midwifery (midwifery). Teachers not only teach the truth directly, to help people discover the truth of the existence of them, leaving the already existing knowledge among people born out of.
Some commentators have suggested that Socrates can be regarded as the founder of the humanitarian, which can be regarded as quasi-religious one, but Socrates did not change the overall status of the existence of others, because it changes in species B, only in the religious order to do so. B that the truth of religion can not be found in the human being, therefore, God must enter from the outside people, and teach people, so in the form of God in Christ into the human being. This is another jump, God produced by Christ incarnate jump across time.
between God and man because of jump No confidence in the jumps will become only the rational religion, but this is not authentic Christianity.
Heidegger's existential
Martin Heidegger Heidegger, E. Husserl in 1927 in the edited its important work, Heidegger cited in the book at the beginning to Plato's statement: know it, but now we have lost their sense. After two thousand years until this issue is not resolved today, and he is to to re-propose and solve the
significance of the existence
Heidegger describes . In other words, we must first In Heidegger's view, problem. (2) to solve the Heidegger pointed out that the only Thus, Heidegger that This is what Heidegger questions the most crucial point, it became the 20th century existentialist together all the fundamental starting point.
Jaspers also suffered the impact of Husserl, in 1913 published a variety of psychological method of ,
existentialist Karl Jaspers Karl Theodor Jaspers
Jaspers pointed out that the existential-called It means the existence of subjective spirit. Existentialism from subjective mental state, from emotion, impulse, will, life experience, sense of worry, fear feelings, pessimistic mood, and so to emphasize the spirit of the primary subjective. Jaspers also noted that the He said: There are three ways:
object exists there. He pointed out that people first of all objects in a variety of space and time to grasp the existence of the object space science research is the thing. He questioned scientific knowledge, deepening scientific understanding of the world denied the ability to believe that science can not fully grasp the beyond the boundaries of science.
self-existence. He pointed out that philosophical thinking in order to He advocates all have an anti-seeking, not leave on the outside of the subjective theory that our existence is never given to us as the object, but only through a leap, we can time and space from the perceptual world into this existential world. In his view, I was my true nature, but I do not know that the nature of action only in the blind, I was moved to the essence of me. Proceeding from this, He'll love, coexistence, communication, fear, loneliness, self-deification and so on, as into the self-existence of nature in the form of self-conscious.
comfortable existence. He pointed out that there is a stage of self, and I have both their own environment, or arduous, adhere to the struggle, or exhausted, submissive, both joy and sorrow, both fear there is hope, can not be complacent. In order to get complacent, he advocated self-existence of flying itself from the existence of God from the world to fly. He asserted that only time and space in understanding the failure of the activities of the object when the only people in the real desire to keep the room for complacency when the failure of Cao room, he would strive to reach beyond the nature of, and the password is that the people there to ease philosophy of language, is God in the world show their own image.
Existentialism Sartre, Jean - Paul life is a life struggle for freedom, and its philosophy is precisely such an attitude response, his most The fundamental idea is that people are free, man is destined to be free, according to him, knowledge is judged to be free, not that we choose freedom, but freedom to choose us, free to decide the nature of our existence that we . Freedom is a heavy commitment of our fate.
from
with the ease of outside of man's will things. Since the existence of a thing is not, but to make itself appear to be the existence of consciousness. From this premise, Sartre developed his important philosophical concept - nausea.
nausea
This novel about a man called Lotensin roots after years of travel lives, came to the Bouvier City. He had hoped to study quietly, to escape the troubles of life, but one day he found himself there is a change in feelings, feeling uncomfortable. They see all around, there is this uncomfortable feeling, feel the outside world contingency, absurdity of life was something incomprehensible face of the helplessness. But, ridiculous to live with Camus that is different from Sartre that such a disgusting experience, while the table itself and the surrounding Ming Luoding roots have a clear understanding of the existence, on the other hand the outside world that he taking a negative attitude, so in Sartre seems to experience nausea and is the first step toward freedom.
Therefore, Sartre's this freedom to have a negative features. People only exist in the world is absurd, that is life and there is no reason therefore to Sartre said that man is no reason to be thrown into the world. This was thrown with an ontological significance. However, this was thrown, once achieved, there were once known to the world, people have absolute freedom. This freedom is not the man of In the outbreak of a person's soul, the state can do nothing to help this person. expression. In Sartre's view, the freedom embodied in the choice of being free is a freedom of choice. Once people have been left in the world, he began a free choice, people are in constant process of selection continued as their own. People through their own free choice to become a coward or a hero, so the full meaning of human freedom lies in the choice of people for activities. However, once they were selected, and he also has a responsibility, we must bear the consequences of the chosen action, this responsibility is so heavy, some people attempt to escape in an attempt to not choose, however, say that you do not choose Sartre is also an option, in any case you can not escape choice, to avoid responsibility.
other is hell because people are free, and no one has a quarrel between the relationship, it is trying to get everyone their freedom to put others when for the object to be treated. Sartre's famous Play after the death of three people living together in a symbol of hell chamber, which is a deserter Garcin, Estelle is guilty of infanticide can not do without men, the pursuit of Garcin's Yinai Si is gay. Between the three men the presence of others is a painful, therefore, that hell is other people
Existentialism Camus Albert Camus Sisyphus legend Sisyphus is the world
the most resourceful and ingenious people,UGG boots cheap, he is the city of Corinth and the king. When the river god Zeus abducted Aesop Phillips (Aesopus) daughter Yiqin Na (Aegina), the river god had to find his daughter Corinth, Sisyphus knows the matter to a perennial flow of the river as often in exchange for this. As leaked the secrets of Zeus, Zeus sent death to his charge go to hell. Sisyphus did not think was kidnapped by death count, resulting in no one human death has long been to death was rescued so far, Sisyphus was into the Underworld.
No comments:
Post a Comment